2005 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I: Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
[A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be
insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__
animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those
smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to
surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not
generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these
are __8__ to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not
another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be
because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell
receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send
__11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a
certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often
enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__
to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if
necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own
smells we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own
house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it
best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__
the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although
[B] as
[C] but
[D] while
2. [A] above
[B] unlike
[C] excluding
[D] besides
3. [A] limited
[B] committed
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[C] dedicated
[D] confined
4. [A] catching
[B] ignoring
[C] missing
[D] tracking
5. [A] anyway
[B] though
[C] instead
[D] therefore
6. [A] even if
[B] if only
[C] only if
[D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing
[B] discovering
[C] determining
[D] detecting
8. [A] diluted
[B] dissolved
[C] determining
[D] diffused
9. [A] when
[B] since
[C] for
[D] whereas
10. [A] unusual
[B] particular
[C] unique
[D] typical
11. [A] signs
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[B] stimuli
[C] messages
[D] impulses
12. [A] at first
[B] at all
[C] at large
[D] at times
13. [A] subjected
[B] left
[C] drawn
[D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective
[B] incompetent
[C] inefficient
[D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce
[B] summon
[C] trigger
[D] create
16. [A] still
[B] also
[C] otherwise
[D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure
[B] sick
[C] aware
[D] tired
18. [A] tolerate
[B] repel
[C] neglect
[D] notice
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19. [A] available
[B] reliable
[C] identifiable
[D] suitable
20. [A] similar to
[B] such as
[C] along with
[D] aside from
Section II: Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn
that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for
slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too
human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of
this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de
Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in
Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.
They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their
food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much
closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics
make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de waal’s study. The
researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.
Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of
cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining
chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,
their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to
cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the
second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one
received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other
either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to
accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other
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chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a
female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by
social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such
cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.
Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other
members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved
independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common
ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered
question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
________.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because
they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the
monkeys ________.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from others
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
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[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would
kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was
inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy
our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans
bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to
early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to
awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the
National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the
Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president
of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the
panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with
the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world
base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning
the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the
science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s Ok to keep pouring fumes into
the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the
evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent
people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a
majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead
of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of
“paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper
atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the
Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin
fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of
West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a
promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power
plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is
crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and
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death
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.
[A] a protector
[B] a judge
[C] a critic
[D] a guide
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global
warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
________.
[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse
Text 3
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within
our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and
dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that
dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late
1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the
random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now
researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat,
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regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that
these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually
brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,”
says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you
don’t like it, change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when
fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts
of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is
especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is
relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings
can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in
Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,
progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working
through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is
occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of
the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one
can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken,
identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end
instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With
much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our
dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,”
Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity
have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should
seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working
through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the
morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.
[A] can be modified in their courses
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.
[A] its function in our dreams
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions
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