第十七天：图画作文 功能必背---图画作文篇（2745字）
图画作文是考研大作文的主要出题类型，考生必须特别重视。目前已经到了考研复习的收官阶段，应该从题材、结构、套话等方面加以总结。
一、题材
大作文所选用的图画一般涉及与人们的生活有关的社会现象和问题，主要包含下列题材：
1． 教育
2． 职业道德
3． 身体健康
4． 家庭关系
5． 环境保护
6． 人口增长
7． 文化交流
按照上述题材，历年的考题可以分类如下：
1998年：职业道德；
1999年：人口增长与环境保护；
2000年：环境保护；
2001年：教育；
2002年：文化交流；
2003年：教育；
2004年：教育；
2005年：家庭关系；
2006年：教育；
2007年：教育。
由此可见，涉及一般品德与个性教育的题材较多。而且，上面的几大题材通常是考试出题的重要方向。为了考试时有话可说，考生可以根据上述几个题材准备一些各个题材常用的核心词汇。例如，涉及赡养老人的题材时，可以积累下列表达法：
support one’s aged parents赡养年迈的父母
betray one’s own conscience违背自己的良知
shirk the responsibility推卸责任
pay back one’s parents’ love回报父母的爱
由此可见，根据题目的提示信息形式审题，按照不同题材准备核心词汇，是写好大作文的重要前提条件。关于写作部分的核心词汇总结，请关注后面的模拟练习部分。
二、结构
大作文的结构也非常重要，考生应该对照评分标准确定自己的强项，在考试时加以发扬，同时找出自己的弱项，加以克服。请看两个重要的评分标准：
20-17分 内容切题，包括题中所列的各项要求；清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确，文章长度符合要求。
16-13分 内容切题，包括题中所列的各项要求；比较清楚地表达其内涵，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词错误较少。文章长度符合要求。
简而言之，优秀的作文应该：
1． 包括题目中要求的全部要点；
2． 结构规范清晰；
3． 词汇丰富、句子结构有变化。
当然，最基本的要求是不离题，而且字数（160-200词）符合要求。下面以2006年大作文的一篇高分范文为例说明高分作文的特征，考生可以将自己的文章与之对照，从而对自己可以提高的地方有直观的认识。
2006年大作文（关于崇拜Beckham的）
Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should:
1) describe the photos briefly,
2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
3) give you point of view.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)
范文（来自教育部考试中心资料）
More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: more and more people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.
There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Last but not least, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay for the expense to do that kind of things. There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.
As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, every thing has two sides. This phenomenon is without exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
本文的得分是18分，因为它基本符合20-17分的评分标准：
1． 包括了问题中的三个要点：
第一段， 描述图画；第二段，阐述图画含义；第三段，提出建议措施。
2． 结构规范清晰
图画作文一般写三段，各段的内容分配上面已经阐述。这是大的结构安排。本文做到了这一点。具体到各段，还有小结构的安排问题。例如，在第一段中，如果涉及的图画有两幅，每幅图至少用一句话描述。本文就是这么做的：
As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style.
在第二段中，一般根据题目的提纲的提示，要么阐述一段所说的现象的原因，通常写2-3条，要么举例说明图画所反映的问题。在本文的第二段，考生在首句交代本段要从三个方面阐述原因：There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon，接下来以三个关联词提示三个原因：In the first place…Secondly…Last but not least…。
在最后一段中，考生明确告诉阅卷老师自己提出了建议措施：My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand…On the other hand…。
3．用词准确、句子结构有变化
像disregard （第一段末）、cope with（末段中间）与 appeal to（末段倒数第二句）等词与词组的使用表明考生的用词比较准确。与此同时，像被动语态、形式主语、各种复合句的使用也说明考生的句子结构不单调。
除了上面的优点，范文也有一些不足之处，使它被扣掉2分。最严重的问题是：第二段的三点理由其实只是两点，因为第二点 “Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things.” 仅仅是对第一点的具体说明，而非与第一点相并列的另一点。
综上所述，一篇高分大作文既要注意整体结构上的完整与规范，如包含提纲中的全部要点，又要注意微观上，即段落内部结构的完整。
三、套话
临近考试，不少考生希望背一些模版，或套话，这是可以理解的。写套话能凑字数，也能使自己的文章在结构上趋近大作文的要求。从这个意义上来说，可以使用套话，有时甚至必须使用套话。另一方面，套话过多，或者说全文都是一些空洞无物、不痛不痒，根本不涉及所考图画具体内容的套话，最终判分不可能高，甚至会很低。有鉴于此，我主张用套话提示文章的大结构、段落的小结构，具体内容应该自己填充。其实，即算是这样，套话已经不少了。所以考生不要担心自己的字数不够。以前面分析过的范文（其中明显的语法与用词错误已改正）为例，看看哪些话是可以套用的。
More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman has put “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: a growing number of people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.
There are at least two good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. On account of this, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Secondly, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay to do those kinds of things. There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly accepted.
As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, everything has two sides. This phenomenon is no exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
范文中的粗体部分稍做变更，是可以套用于任何图画作文的。光是这些句子就接近70词。考试时如果写160词，就只需自己写90词了。如果对自己的写作很没有把握，上文可以套用的句子更多。例如，第二段末的 “There may be other reasons for it, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly accepted.”。
与套话有关的是对功能段落的背诵和模仿。所谓功能段落，简而言之，就是用于完成一个要点的表述的段落。以图画作文而言，通常包括三个要点，那么它就包含三个功能段落：图画描述段、意义阐释段与建议措施段。请大家从上面的范文中体会这三种功能段落。如果想进一步了解和模仿图画作文的功能段落，可以参考胡敏老师编著的《2008年考研英语高分作文》。
因此，套话可以用，但不能通篇都是套话。它们主要用于提示文章的结构，图画的具体内容与含义应该用自己的话进行简练准确的叙述，这里的叙述也是最能显示你的写作水平的地方，不妨独运匠心。
今天的结束语是：Let us explore the patterns in life（让我们探索生活中的模式吧）。
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