2017年江苏大学863英语语言学及英汉互译考研大纲

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目录
I 考查目标........................................................................................ 2
II 考试形式和试卷结构 ................................ 错误！未定义书签。
III 考查内容..................................................................................... 2
IV. 题型示例及参考答案............................... 错误！未定义书签。
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语语言学及英汉互译考试大纲
I 考查目标
目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读外国语言学及应用语言学相关专业硕士学
位所必须的基本素质、一般能力和培养潜能，以利于选拔具有发展潜力的优秀人才入学，为
国家培养英语教学、研究或其他方面英语应用的高层次人才。考试测试考生掌握英语语言学
的基本概念、基本理论、英汉翻译的基本技巧的扎实程度及英汉语言的基本功。具体而言，
考生应掌握普通语言学的基本概念、基础理论，并能运用理论进行简单的语言结构分析。有
较扎实的语言功底，较强的英汉书面表达能力，掌握并灵活运用常用英汉翻译技巧。
II 考试形式和试卷结构
一、试卷满分及考试时间
试卷满分为 150 分，其中英语语言学占 90 分、英汉互译占 60 分，考试时间共 180 分钟。
二、答题方式
闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷内容与题型结构
第一部分： 英语语言学
1、术语解释 （10 个，每个 2 分，共 20 分）
2、填 空 （20 题，每题 1 分，共 20 分）
3、简 答 （6 题，每题 5 分，共 30 分）
4、详 答 （1 题，共 20 分）
第二部分：英汉互译
1、英译汉 （30 分：一个约 250 单词的段落）
2、汉译英（30 分：一个约 250 字的段落）
假如每题分数有变化，变化范围亦不大。
III 考查内容
1、普通语言学的定义及主要分支；
2、语言的性质：语言、语言的特征、语言的功能；
3、语音学（phonetics）中的基本概念；
4、语素、词缀及主要构词法；
5、句法结构分析；
6、语义关系及语义成分分析；
7、言语行为理论和会话涵义理论；
8.语料库基本概念；
9、现代语言学的主要理论和流派；
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10、英汉语言功底及英译翻译技巧。
IV. 题型示例及参考答案
Section A
Part I. Define the following terms briefly (20 points, 2 points each).
1. Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker‟s
immediate situation.
2.Metalanguage: a language used for talking about language
Part II. Fill the blanks with proper words (20 points , 1 point each blank).
1. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the
primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its
own principles of organization.
2. Phonology studies the rules governing the structure , distribution, and sequencing of speech
sounds and the shape of syllables.
Part III. Answer the following questions briefly(30 points, 6 points each).
1. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and
meaning？
Answer (main points): You cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a
word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates.
2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?
Answer(main points): Both phonetics and phonology study human speech sounds but they differ
in the levels of analysis.
Part IV. Give a detailed description of the special features of American structuralism(20 points）.
Answer (main points): American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that
developed in a very different style from that of Europe. While linguistics in Europe started
more than two thousand years ago, linguistics in America started at the end of the nineteenth
century. While traditional grammar plays a dominant role in Europe , it has little influence in
America. While many European languages have their own historical traditions and cultures,
English is the dominant language in America, where there is no such a tradition as in Europe.
In addition, the pioneer scholars in America were faced with the urgent task of recording the
rapidly perishing native American Indian languages because there was no written record of
them. However, these languages were characterized by features of vast diversity and
differences which are rarely found in other parts of the world. To record and describe these
exotic languages, it is probably better not to have any presuppositions about the nature of
language in general. This explains why there was not much development in linguistic theory
during this period but a lot of discussion on descriptive procedures. (10%)
Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined
not in terms of meaning but in terms of distribution, and that the structure of each language
should be described without reference to the alleged universality of such category as tense,
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mood and parts of speech. Firstly, structural grammar describes everything that is found in a
language instead of laying down rules. However, its aim is confined to the description of
languages, without explaining why language operates the way it does. Secondly, structural
grammar is empirical , aiming at objectivity in the sense that all definitions and statements
should be verifiable or refutable. However, it has produced almost no complete grammars
comparable to any comprehensive traditional grammars. Thirdly, structural grammar
examines all languages, recognizing and doing justice to the uniqueness of each language.
But it does not give an adequate treatment of meaning. Lastly, structural grammar describes
even the smallest contrasts that underlie any construction or use of a language, not only those
discoverable in some particular use. (10%)
Section B
Part I. E-C Translation (30 points)
What social morality and social conscience leaves out is the narrower but very significant concept
of honor------as opposed to what is sometimes called merely “socially desirable conduct.” The
man of honor is not content to ask merely whether this or that will hurt society, or whether it is
what most people would permit themselves to do. He asks, and he asks first of all, would it hurt
him and his selfrespect? Would it dishonor him personally? It was a favorite and no doubt sound
argument among early twentieth-century reformers that “playing the game” as the gentleman was
supposed to play it was not enough to make a decent society. They were right: it is not enough.
But the time has come to add that it is nevertheless indispensable. I hold that it is indeed inevitable
that the so-called social conscience unsupported by the concept of personal honor will create a
corrupt society. But suppose that it doesn‟t. Suppose that no one except the individual suffers from
the fact that he sees nothing wrong in doing what everybody else does. Even so, I still insist that
for the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, interior sense of right and
wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by that everybody does or
merely the criterion of “social usefulness.” It is impossible for me to imagine a good society
composed of men without honor.
Answer:社会道德与社会良心遗漏的是较狭义却非常重要的荣誉概念------是与有时被称为
仅是“社会方面可取的行为”相对的。有荣誉心的人不是只问这个或那个会不会伤害到社会、
或这是不是大多数人会允许自己做的，就可以心满意足。他要问，而且首先要问，这会不会
伤害他与他的自尊心？这会不会令他个人蒙羞？在 20 世纪早期改革者之间，说按照绅士应
该玩的规则来“玩游戏”并不就足够造成规规矩矩的社会，乃是一个受偏爱且无疑是确实的
论点。他们是对的：但这样不够。可是现在到了再加上“这么做毕竟是绝对必要的”的时候
了。我坚信没有个人荣誉概念支持的社会良心将会造成腐化的社会乃是的的确确难免的。但
假设并不会如此。假设除了个人之外没有人会受到“做一件人人都做的事没什么错”这项事
实之苦？即便如此，我仍然坚持，对个人自身而言，没什么事的重要性可以超过个人内心的
是非感，可以超过自己决心追随这个是非感，而不去跟随芸芸众生之行径或仅仅是所谓“社
会功能”这类准则。没有荣誉感的人能构成好的社会是我无从想象的。
Part II. C-E Translation (30 points)
他在父亲的教导下“发愤用功”，其实他读书还是出于喜好，只似馋嘴佬贪吃美
食：食肠很大，不择精粗，甜咸杂进。极俗的书他也能看得哈哈大笑。戏曲里的
插科打诨，他不仅且看且笑，还一再搬演，笑得打跌。精微深奥的哲学、美学、
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文艺理论等大部著作，他像小儿吃零食那样吃了又吃。厚厚的书一本本渐次吃完。
诗歌更是他喜好的读物。重得拿不动的大词典、辞典、百科全书等，他不仅挨着
字母逐条细读，见了新版本，还不嫌其烦地把新条目增补在旧书上。他看书常做
些笔记。
Answer: It seemed that he began exerting himself in his studies because of his father‟s
remonstrations, but actually he studied for the love of it. He liked to study like a glutton greedy for
food, his gullet being so large that he would accept whatever food he set his eyes on, refined or
coarse, sweet or salty. Even books of the poorest taste could set him guffawing. He would laugh
when taking in impromptu comic gestures and remarks during a drama, and he beside himself with
joy when repeatedly reliving what he had seen. Huge tomes about profound and abstruse theories
on philosopher, aesthetics, and literature and art would be devoured by him like a young child
nibbling between meals, and he would „nibble‟ at these books one after another no matter how
thick they were. Poetry is an even greater favorite of his. He loves to peruse large dictionaries and
encyclopedias, some of which are so heavy you can hardly hold them in your hands—he not only
reads them entry by entry, but upon coming across new editions, he would go to great lengths to
copy the new entries into the old editions. He often takes notes while reading.