716 综合英语

一、考试形式与试卷结构

（一）试卷满分 及 考试时间

本试卷满分为 150 分，考试时间为180分钟。

（二）答题方式

答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

试卷由试题和答题纸组成；答案必须写在答题纸相应的位置上。

（三）试卷内容结构（考试的内容比例及题型）

各部分内容所占分值为：

第一部分　Vocabulary.  20分

第二部分　Cloze.  20分

第三部分  Reading Comprehension. 40分

第四部分  Translation. 40分

第五部分  Writing. 30分

（四）试卷题型结构

词汇选择题：20小题，每小题1分，共20分

完型填空题：20小题，每小题1分，共20分

阅读理解题：4或5篇短文，20小题，每小题2分，共40分

翻译：中译英----1篇短文，20分

      英译中----1篇短文，20分

作文：30分

二、样卷

2020年江西师范大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题（  A  卷）

专业：  英语语言文学   外国语言学及应用语言学                    

科目：    综合英语            

注：考生答题时，请写在考点下发的答题纸上，写在本试题纸或其他答题纸上的一律无效。

（本试题共  12   页）

Ⅰ.Vocabulary (20×1points)

There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1.      There is no _______for the united States to sign the treaty since there is every reason to believe that no other nation intends to honor its provisions.

a. arrangement     b. continuation    c. incentive     d. procedure

2.Although the conditions in which she chooses to live suggest that she is miserly, her contributions to the worthwhile charities show that she is _______.

   a. stingy        b. frugal         c. intolerant        d. generous

3. There are many dialects of English with radically different pronunciations of the same word, but the spelling of these words is _______.

   a. inconstant     b. uniform      c. contemplated      d. abbreviated

4. There is no necessary intrinsic connection between a word and the thing it refers to; the relationship is purely _______.

   a. conventional    b. consistent      c. strategic      d. illustrative

5. Naturally _____from birth, Arnold practiced hard to ______his talents.

   a. adept…perfect           b. handicapped…overcome

   c. inept…develop          d. gifted…limit

6. The teacher’s pride was hurt when he discovered that half his class had ____the exam.

   a. enjoyed      b. reassessed      c. flunked      d. redeemed

7. The reporter’s _______probings finally brought results in the case.

   a. scattered     b. severe         c. obsessive     d. relentless

8. Every new theory not only must _____the valid predictions of the old theory, but must also explain why those predictions _____within the range of that old theory.

   a. organize…failed             b. generate…faltered

   c. promote…functioned         d. accommodate…succeeded

9. After several______attempts to send the missle into space, the spacecraft was finally launched successfully.

   a. abortive        b. difficult       c. preliminary       d. excellent

10. He worked ______at his task for weeks before he felt satisfied that the results would justify his long efforts.

   a. regularly       b. patiently       c. assiduously       d. intermittently

11. His ______directions misled us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.

   a. complicated     b. extenuating     c. ambiguous       d. arbitrary

12. In order to photograph ____ animals, elaborate flashlight equipment is necessary.

   a. predatory       b. nocturnal       c. live             d. rare

13. His _____remarks are often embarrassing because of their frankness.

   a. sarcastic        b. sadistic        c. frank            d. ingenuous

14. Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of _______hours.

   a. meager        b. useless         c. complex         d. idle

15. The pioneers’ greatest asset was not their material wealth but their______.

   a. fortitude       b. simplicity      c. companions       d. possessions

16. Some students are _______and want to take only the courses for which they see immediate value.

   a. theoretical     b. pragmatic      c.foolish       d. opinionated

17. Americans do not feel that ____ obedience and implicit submission to the will of another is necessary in order to maintain good government.

   a. titular        b. blind           c. partial        d. verbal

18. We do not mean to be disrespectful when we refused to follow the advice of our _____leader.

   a. venerable     b. respectful        c. gracious      d. dynamic

19. The child’s earliest words deal with concrete objects and actions, it is much later that he is able to grapple with _______.

   a. decisions      b. abstractions      c. opponents     d. mathematics

20. _______enables us to know the past and to use it in preparing for the future.

   a. Truth         b. Language        c. Antiquity      d. Thought

Ⅱ. Cloze(20×1points)

Response to noise in hospital was clearly related to custom and background. All patients of __1___ classes discussed ward noises, and expressed varying degrees of ___2____with what they thought of as “ avoidable noise”. The 74 people who made no ___3___on noise and the 19 who thought that the ward was not noisy were either in unskilled work, often factories, or the wives of unskilled workers living a __4___communal life in tenement property. There is a suggestion also that noise is related to ___5_____of illness, and resultant length of stay in hospital. Noise that may not ___6___ a seriously ill patient because of his condition, begins to irritate  as he ___7___strength. It would not be profitable to list noises ___8_____by patients, but it would perhaps be ___9____ to look at what were broadly thought of as “ hospital noises”, that is, noise __10_____ in a sickness situation and accepted, if not __11___by patients; and then to consider the “avoidable noises” -----those made through, perhaps, _12______of thought or care. Because of the structure of the wards in which the patients were nursed,___13____to the noise of the other members of the community was __14____ and accepted by all patients as such (if it was a noise associated with illness), ____15____much it may have disturbed them both physically and emotionally. It has already been discussed that patients suggested the _16____ of seriously ill or disturbed patients from the main ward, but, so long as the practice is, whether by dictate of policy or staffing, to keep such patients in the wards, this will always be a __17____of hospital noise. Patients were always tolerant of this , many expressing the ___18____that they might, some day, be responsible for the __19___of others in a similar way. To say that patients were always tolerant of noises associated with illness__20____here that they were tolerant because they themselves were concerned, but many questioned the effect of such noise by, for example, young people in the ward.

1. a. official         b. amateur        c. professional       d. educational

2. a. accommodation  b. destination      c. dissatisfaction     d. reservation

3. a. comment       b. impression      c. decline           d. impact

4. a. temporarily     b. objectively      c. initially           d. comparatively

5. a. rarity          b. purity          c. simplicity         d. severity

6. a. annoy          b. ignore         c. treat              d. secure

7. a. remedies        b. recovers       c. retreats           d.retains

8. a. resented        b. mentioned      c. produced          d. remembered

9. a. questionable     b. conclusive      c. deficient         d. useful

10. a. adherent       b. inherent        c. coherent         d. intrinsic

11. a. harnessed      b. expected        c. referred to       d. identified

12. a. lack           b. load           c. list             d. loss

13. a. delivery        b. response       c. exposure         d. judgement

14. a. dismal         b. inevitable      c. avoidable         d. continuous

15. a. too            b. so            c. as               d. however

16. a. escape         b. disappearance   c. removal          d. maintenance

17. a. source         b. protection      c. disaster           d. curiosity

18. a. determination   b. will           c. fear              d. idea

19. a. burdens        b. obstacles       c. desperation        d. discomfort

20. a. ignores        b. criticizes       c. regards           d. means

Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20ⅹ2 points)

There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions . For each of them there 4 choices marked a,b,c,and d.You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage 1

In April 2000, immunologist Alain Fischer at Necker Hospital in Paris announced that he and his team had successfully installed a gene that restores normal immune function in three baby boys with a rare genetic illness. The disease, called X-linked Severe Combined Immune Deficiency disorder, cripples a key immune cell and leads to fatal infections. Then in August 2002, one of the treated boys developed a leukemia like condition. In September that trial and three other clinical trials for related immune disorders in the United states were suspended. Subsequent tests revealed that the retrovirus used to ferry the corrective gene into the DNA of blood-making cells in the bone marrow had lodged in or near a gene that regulates T cells, possibly prompting their uncontrolled growth.

The boy was treated with chemotherapy and is reported to be responding well. Factors other than gene therapy---cancer in the boy’s family history and a recent fit with chicked pox ---may have helped the condition develop. Nonetheless, the result has renewed concern about the oversight of clinical trials for gene therapy. After meeting in mid-October, the PDA’s advisory committee recommended that the American trials be resumed and that patients be told that the retrovirus had induced cancer in one child. The agency also asked that trial sponsors inform any patients who have received similar treatments of the adverse result.

“We’ve known that this was a hypothetical risk.” Says Donald Kohn, a immunologist at Children’s Hospital in Los Angeles. He leads one of four clinical trials for Severe Cimbined Immune Deficiency disease in the United States. “What we don’t know is the frequency that we would be seeing in patients treated with this therapy.” The boy in the French trial “was one out of 10 in the trial. Eight others are doing well---at least as well as with other treatments at this time.” The disorder affecting the French boy can be treated only with bone-marrow transplants, and suitable donors are often unavailable. The disorder Kohn is working on can be treated with drugs costing about $300,000 a year.

Nearly 80 clinical trials have attempted to correct faulty disease-causing genes, but only treatments for inherited immune-deficiency disorders have shown any success. In light of the French report, Kohn’s group is modifying the consent form for their trial so that families will know before enrolling that adverse effects are possible. They are also developing analysis to detect the problem in DNA. “We don’t yet know the risks and benefits of this treatment,” Kohn says. “ The only way to know is to cautiously proceed with other patients.”

1.      Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

a.       Alain Fischer and his team were successfully installed a gene restore normal immune function in April 2000.

b.      In April 2000 there were three boys stricken with a rare genetic condition.

c.       The three boy’s normal immune function was restored in April 2000.

d.      One of the three boys treated by Alain Fischer and his team was stricken with another disease two years later.

2.      The word “suspended” (Line,Para.1) means_________.

a. halted    b. cancelled    c. banned     d. adjusted

3. According to the passage, apart from gene therapy, the boy’s development of cancer is also due to factors like____________.

a. his family history     

b. cancer in his family

c. his chemotherapy history  

d. chemotherapy in his family history

4. The advisory committee suggested that ____________.

a. the American trials be continued

b. the American trials be stopped again

c. the American trials be halted

d. the American trials be put off

5. We can infer from the passage__________.

a. cancer can be treated with bone-marrow transplants

b. only bone-marrow transplant can front cancer

c. bone-marrow transplants need the help of blood donors

d. bone-marrow transplants need appropriate donors difficult to find

Passage Two

As any World Wide Web surfer knows, finding information over the Internet can be painfully time-consuming. Search engines such as Yahoo!, Alta Vista and Infoseek help, but an improperly honed query can easily result in digital diarrheatens of thousands of Web pages that are irrelevant. A new technique that analyzes how documents posted on the Internet are linked to one another could provide relief. Developed by researchers from IBM, Cornell University and the university of California at Berkeley, the method finds two types of Web sites for a particular desired subject: “authorities” ( pages that are cited by many other documents on that topic) and “hubs” ( sites that link to many of those authorities).

    The system, dubbed automatic resource compiler (ARC), first performs an ordinary Boolean text-based search (for example, locating documents that contain the words “diamond” and “mineral” but not “baseball”)using an engine such as Alta Vista. After generating a quick list of about 200 pages, ARC then expands that set to include documents linked to and from those 200 pages. The step is repeated to obtain a collection of up to 3, 000 locations. ARC then analyzes the interconnections between those documents, essentially giving higher authority scores to those pages that are frequently cited, with the assumption that such documents are more useful ( just as scientific papers that are referenced by many other articals are deemed most important). Also, hubs are given high marks for having linked to those authorities.

   One feature of ARC is that it leads to the natural separation of Web sites--- both authorities and hubs ---into communities. A search for information on abortion, for instance, will result in two sets of sites, pro-life and pro-choice, because documents from one group are more likely to link to one another than to pages from the other community.

   Though clever, ARC is not perfect. “ It is possible for a query to go awry, “ admits Jon M. Kleinberg, an assistant professor at Cornell’s computer science department and developer of the algorithm at the heart of ARC. For one, searches on a specific topic such as “ Steffi Graf “ can result in Web pages on the general subject of tennis without any mention of the German star athlete.

    Consequently, some researchers feel that future tools will need to offer a variety of techniques, depending on the type of information desired. “ There’s a danger in the one-size-fits-all approach,” warns Louis Monier, technical director for Alta Vista. Other methods being investigated include morphological and linguistic analyses that might, for example, aid in finding a person’s home page (as opposed to articles written about that person ) by exploiting certain distinct characteristics. Specifically, home pages usually contain photographs of the person, and the language used tends to be less sophisticated. Recently Infoseek implemented a new proprietary search technology that takes into account about a dozen factors, including the number of times a page is cited as well as the date when the document was last modified.

    Whatever the approach, one thing is for sure: the need for the next generation of search tools is becoming critical, asserts Prabhakar Raghavan, one of the IBM researchers who helped to develop ARC. (When and how ARC and others will be introduced commercially, however, is unclear.) “ The amount of stuff on the Web is growing exponentially,” he says, “but the amount we can digest is not. So the information you do retrieve must be exemplary.”

6. According to this passage, what’s the proper title?

  a. Scientists Looking for A Better Way to Search The Web.

  b. Are You Still Using Yahoo!?

  c. ARC---A Perfect New Search Tool.

  d. What Should The Next Generation of Search Tools Be Like?

7.Which one of the following is TRUE about ARC?

  a. It is a completely new technology and has no even the least relation with traditional search engines such as Yahoo! And Altavista.

  b. It is designed to compete with the searching engines in use.

  c. One feature of it will lead to the natural separation of web sites, usually into two groups---authorities and hubs.

  d. It still has a long way to go before if can be used widely in the Internet.

8. What’s the meaning of Louis Monier by “ one-size-fits-all”?

  a. New technology of searching doesn’t need to have the same form as old ones.

  b. He suggests that ARC should be introduced into some other universities and gain new develope.

  c. He argues that future research tools will need to offer many techniques, not one.

  d. He thinks new technologies will appear as well as ARC.

9. From the last paragraph we can infer_______.

  a. we are sure to create new search tools immediately

  b. Prabhaker Raghavan believes that demands are more than supply on the web.

  c. if the information you retrieve is not exemplary, you cannot find anything

  d. none of the above

10. Why searching on “Graf” results in Web pages on general subject of tennis?

  a. ARC has fatal errors in strategy and algorithm.

  b. ARC uses traditional search engine to perform the Boolean text-based search, which would result in errors.

  c. A feature of ARC leads to the natural separation of Web sites into communities.

d. Web pages on tennis are more likely to gain higher marks than others because they are referenced by many articles or have links to other authorities.

Passage Three

Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forces: the growth of the labor force, the increase in output per man-hour, and the growth of total demand for goods and services. Changes in the average hours of work enter in exactly parallel fashion but have been quantitatively less significant. As productivity rises, less labor is required per dollar of national product. Or more goods and services can be produced with the same number of man-hours. If output does not grow, employment will certainly fall; if production increases more rapidly than productivity (less any decline in average hours worked), employment must rise. But the labor force grows too. Unless gross national product (total final expenditure for goods and services corrected for price changes) rises more rapidly than the sum of productivity increase and labor-force growth (again modified for any change in hours of work), the increase in employment will be inadequate to absorb the growth in the labor force. Inevitably the unemployment rate will increase. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.Increases in productivity were more important than growth of the labor force as sources of the wide gains in output experienced in the period from the end of the war to the mid-sixies. These increases in potential production simply were not matched by increases in demand adequate to maintain steady full employment.

    Except for the recession years of 1949,1954,and 1958, the rate of economic growth exceeded the rate of productivity increase. However, in the late 1950s productivity and labor force were increasing more rapidly than usual, while the growth of output was slower than usual. This accounted for the change in employment rate.

    But if part of the national purpose is to reduce and contain unemployment, arithmetic is not enough. We must know which of the basic factors we can control and which we wish to control. Unemployment would have risen more slowly or fallen more rapidly if productivity had increased more, or the labor force had increased more slowly, or the hours of work had fallen more steeply, or total output had grown more rapidly. These are not independent factors however, and a change in any of them might have caused changes in the others.

    A society can choose to reduce the growth of productivity, and it can probably find ways to frustrate its own creativity. However, while a reduction in the growth of productivity at the expense of potential output might result in higher employment in the short run, the long run effect on the national interest would be disatrous.

    We must also give consideration to the fact that hidden beneath national averages is continuous movement into, out of, between, and within labor markets. For example, 15 years ago, the average number of persons in the labor force was 74 million, with about 70 million  employed and 3.9 million unemployment. Yet 14 million experienced some term of unemployment in that year. Some were new entrants to the labor force; others were laid off temporarily. The remainder were those who were permanently or indefinitely severed from their jobs. Thus, the average number of unemployed during a year understates the actual volume of involuntary displacement that actually occurs.

High unemployment is not an inevitable result of the pace of technological change, but the consequence of passive public policy. We can anticipate a moderate increase in the labor force accompanied by a slow and irregular decline in hours of work. It follows that the output of the economy---and the aggregate demand to buy it---must grow in excess of 4 percent a year just to prevent the unployment rate from rising, and even greater if the unemployment rate is to fall further. Yet our economy has seldom, if ever, grown at a rate faster than 3.5 percent for any extended length of time.

We have no cause for complacency. Positive fiscal, monetary, and manpower policies will be needed in the future.

11. According to the passage, the rate of employment can be expected to rise when_______________.

 a. productivity rises at the same rate as growth of the labor force

 b. productivity and labor force increase at a greater pace than output

 c. output exceeds productivity

  d. rate of economic growth is less than the number of man-hours required

12. In the specific recession year noted in the passage, it can be inferred that_________.

 a.the rare of employment rose

 b. labor force growth exceeded final expenditure for goods

 c. full employment was attained

 d. the rate of unemployment grew

13. The author’s purpose in this passage is to_____________ .

 a. define the economic terms used in discussion of employment

 b. criticize the decisions of past administrations during recession years

 c. allay current fears about increasing unemployment

 d. call for the application of positive economic control policies in the years that lie ahead

14. The statement that is supposed by the passage is __________.

 a. as productivity rises, a greater amount of labor per dollar of national product can be expected

 b. unemployment falls when production expands faster than labor force growth plus productivity increase, minus the fall of average annual hours worked

 c. reduction in the growth of productivity and a cutback in potential output are in the national interest

 d. technological growth must, in the long run, increase unemployment

Passage Four

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
　　Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
　　Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
　　Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
　　What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
　　Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
15. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　a. curious
　　b. unhappy
　　c. thoughtful
　　d. uncertain
16. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to
　　a. differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other         meanings of it
　　b. upport Darwin’s theory of evolution
　　c. provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely     understood
　　d. contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial  expressions
17. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　a.estimate
　　b. agree
　　c. expect
　　d. understand
18. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of   New Guinea?
　　a. They did not want to be shown photographs.
　　b. They were famous for their story-telling skills.
　　c. They knew very little about Western culture.
　　d. They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
19. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?
　　a. They would become less intense.
　　b.They would last longer than usual.
　　c. They would cause problems later.
　　d. They would become more negative.

Passage Five

Skim and scan the following passage quickly and answer the question:

　　As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modern apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with store rooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them "pueblos", which is Spanish for town.

　　The people of the pueblos raised what are called"the three sisters" - corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain.

　　The way of life of less settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as small rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou.

　　The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and covering of their tents and tipis.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　a. The architecture of early American Indian buildings.

　　b. The movement of American Indians across North America.

　　c. Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians.

　　d. The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America.

Ⅳ. Translation （40 points ）

1. Translate the following into English:(20 points)

随着国际商务的扩大，因特网上的业务正以日益加快的速度取得惊人的发展。一个名叫eBay的网上拍卖处的业务扩展便是最为突出的例子之一。在城市的地方拍卖场上，你总会看到一些激动的出价人在拍卖师很快报出一套书架、一台加热器或一部二手电视机的价格时举手或点头同意。

现在，同样的拍卖竞争不是把成百的人吸引到拥挤的拍卖厅，而是让成百万的网上冲浪者到eBay----最大的网上拍卖处---及其它类似的地点参观。

2. Translate the following into Chinese:(20 points)

Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and ends it in stillness.In the interval he does all he can to make a noise in the world, and there are few things of which he stands in more fear than of the absence of noise. Even his conversation is in great measure a desperate attempt to prevent a dreadful silence. If he is introduced to a fellow mortal and a number of pauses occur in the conversation, he regards himself as a failure, a worthless person , and is full of envy of the emptiest headed chatterbox. He knows that ninety-nine percent of human conversation means no more than the buzzing of a fly, but he longs to joi in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a wax-work figure.The object of conversation is not, for the most part, to communicate ideas: it is to keep up the buzzing sound.

Ⅴ. Writing:(30 points)

Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

The Magic of “Thanks”