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浙江师范大学 2012 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题(A 卷)
科目代码: 851 科目名称: 英语写作
适用专业: 050201英语语言文学、050211 外国语言学及应用语言学、045108 学科教学（英语）
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I. Summary writing (40 marks).
Read the following passage and sum up the main idea in no more than 120 words.
Exceeding the word limit or copying the original sentences will result in a loss of
marks.
Bernstein regards language as something which both influences culture and is in
turn influenced by culture. A child growing up in a particular linguistic environment
and culture learns the language of that environment and that culture and then
proceeds to pass on that learning to the next generation. Bernstein believes that there
is a direct and reciprocal relationship between a particular kind of social structure, in
both its establishment and its maintenance, and the way people in that social structure
use language. Moreover, this relationship is a continuing one in that it is handed
down from generation to generation. For Bernstein, a particular kind of social
structure leads to a particular kind of linguistic behavior and this behavior in turn
reproduces the original social structure. Consequently, a cycle exists in which certain
social patterns produce certain linguistic patterns, which in turn reproduce the social
patterns, and so on.
Individuals also learn their social roles through the process of communication.
This process differs from social group to social group, and, because it is different in
each social group, existing role differences are perpetuated in society. What is of
particular concern to Bernstein, therefore, are the quite different types of language
that different social groups employ. He claims that there are two quite distinct
varieties of language in use in society. He calls one variety elaborated code
(originally formal code) and the other variety restricted code (originally public code).
According to Bernstein, these codes have very different characteristics. For example,
elaborated code makes use of accurate – in the sense of standard – grammatical order
and syntax to regulate what is said; uses complex sentences that employ a range of
devices for conjunction and subordination; employs prepositions to show
relationships of both a temporal and logical nature; shows frequent use of the
pronoun I; uses with care a wide range of adjectives and adverbs; allows for remarks
to be qualified; and, according to Bernstein (1961, p. 169), ‘is a language use which
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