It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and implementation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement. In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up.  

   Thus, they do not facilitate Re development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desires of children, parents and society at large.

    It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society. Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is required so that schools reorient themselves towards their "clients". By so doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned, but such an approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice, and reward.

    Though much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context. Indeed, if by "educational" we mean fife development of all within the school community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, "the consumers". If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important.

    If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be objective when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism. In other words, free-market theories, granted that they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another.

1. According to the author, criticism of schools arises from________.
2. concerns that schools deliberately neglect students
3. the high cost of education due to bureaucracy
4. a perception of them as self-serving and bureaucratic
5. a misunderstanding of schools officials
6. The "school community" (Line 4 Para. 4) the author refers to would probably include_______
7. students                            B. students and parents
8. students, parents and teachers           D. teachers and students
9. The transfer of free market ideas to the schools may fail because_________
10. schools have no real clients
11. they concentrate only on the consumer and do not include teachers
12. schools are totally different from the free market
13. they have no solid purpose in their aims
14. According to the text, criticism of free market solutions in education arise from the fact      that_________
15. they do not explain why their set of values are better than others
16. their values are too subjective
17. their values are too different from those within an educational context
18. the educational context is not a free market
19. The "charge of relativism" mentioned in the last paragraph is meant to show_________
20. the values are too narrow-minded       B. the values are not specific enough
21. the values are too self-serving          D. the values are not strongly held

核心词汇注释

bureaucratize          v．使官僚  主义化

implementation        n．执行

managerial            adj．管理的

facilitate              vt．(不以人作主语的)  使容易，使便利，推动，帮助，促进

rhetoric               n．讨论：修辞学：花言  巧语

legislation             n．立法，法律  的制定(或通过)

reorient               vt．使适应；再教育

unleash               v．释放

orientation            n．方向，方  位，定位；倾向性

relativism             n．相对论，相对 主义

长难句剖析

though much of this much of this sounds attractive it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political  theory．

[结构分析]本句为主从复合句，主干是it has its roots as much．as。though引导让步状语从句，主句为同级比较句型。this指代上一段的观点。as much A as B表示同等程度，可以理解为“不仅B而且A”。

    [参考译文]尽管这种理论听起来很有吸引力，但是其根源不仅在于社会政治理论，而且在于经济思想体系。

    The forms of management derived from free-market theories，suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values，are Subject to the charge of relativism．

    [结构分析]本句为简单句。主干是The forms of management．．．are subject to the charge of relativism。derived．．．和suggesting…为两个分词短语，修饰主语the forms of management。

    [参考译文]源自于自由市场理论、表明采用各种不同价值体系的管理形式会被人指责为相对主义。

    the other words，free-market theories，granted that they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends，must explain why any set of values， including their own，is preferable to another．

    [结构分析]本句为主从复合句，主干是free-market theories…must explain why…，why引导宾语从句，that引导让步状语从句，在句中作插入语，表示补充说明，意为“即使”。

[参考译文]换言之，自由市场理论，即便认为应该允许个人追求自己的目标，也必须要解释清楚为什么某个价值体系，包括自己的价值体系，比另一个更可取。

全文参考译文

    一些人认为，学校变得官僚机构化，热衷于管理过程的方法和执行，专注于对职位和自我发展的考虑。这样他们也许就忽视了当初建校的目的。

    因而他们并没有为学校群体成员的发展提供便利，而很可能忽视孩子、家长以及整个社会的愿望。

    这种指责在政治性的文章中和社会机构关于自由市场理论的立法中的影响越来越大。这种理论认为，学校需要采取一种更加面向市场的、更有竞争意识的态度，以便自我调整，面向“顾客”。据称，这样做学校不仅又一次满足了应主要关注的那部分人的需要，而且这种态度也可以使人得到个人责任、自由选择以及奖励所带来的好处。

    虽然这种理论听起来很有吸引力，但是其根源不仅在于社会政治理论，而且在于经济思想体系；这必然会引起能否成功地转用于教育领域的问题。事实上，如果我们把“教育”理解为学校群体内所有成员的发展，那么自由市场理论可能因为只关注于一个部分，即“消费者”而达不到目的。如果教师被视为该群体的一部分，那么他们的发展则同样重要。

若官僚机构化的管理形式面临着这样的问题：在它们事实上是一个特定价值取向产物的时候去解释其价值观念如何客观，那么这种源自于自由市场理论，却表明采用各种不同价值体系的管理形式会被人指责为相对主义。换句话说，自由市场理论，即使认为应该允许个人追求自己的目标，也必须要解释清楚为什么某个价值体系，包括自己的价值体系，比另一个更可取。

题目答案与解析

1．按照作者的观点，对学校的批评来自_________。[答案]C

A．对学校故意忽视学生问题的关注     B．因官僚作风而产生的高额教育经费

C．对他们自私自利和官僚政治的了解   C．对学校官员的误解

    [解析]本题的依据是原文的It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized， they become bound up with the techniques and implementation of the managerial process，and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement。C项中的self-serving对应concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement；bureaucratic对应bureaucratized。

2．作者引用的“school community”(第4段第4行)可能包括_________。    [答案]C

    A．学生    B．学生和父母    C．学生、父母和老师    D．老师和学生

    [解析1本题的依据是原文的“Indeed，if by‘educational’we mean the development of all within the school community，then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section，the consumers'．If teachers are seen as part of this community ,then their development is just as important”。从中可知，school community包括consumers和teachers。根据全文语境判断，consumers指students和parents。

3．将自由市场的思想用在学校上可能失败的原因是________.    [答案]B

    A．学校没有真正的消费者          B．他们只关注消费者而忽视教师

    C．学校与自由市场是完全不同的    D．在他们的目标中没有一致的目的性

    [解析]本题属于事实细节题。本题的依据句与上题相同。从中可知B项为正确答案。

4．依照本文，对用自由市场解决教育方案的批评来自于_________ 这个事实。    [答案]A

    A．他们无法解释自己的价值体系优越于其他价值体系

    B．他们的价值体系太主观

    C．他们的价值体系与那些存在于与教育领域内部的价值体系区别太大

    D．教育领域不是自由市场

    [解析]本题的依据句是全文的结尾句。依据本段主题——自由市场管理形式以偏概全、妄自尊大，可知本句表明自由市场管理形式无法解释自己的价值体系优越于其他价值体系。因此A项为正确答案。

5．在最后一段中提及的“charge of relativism”是用来表明_________。    [答案]C

    A．这种价值太狭隘                B．这种价值不够明确

    C  这种价值太自私                D．这种价值不能被坚定地保持

[解析]本题可参照上题。原文中词组in other words后的“free-market theories，granted That they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends，must explain why any set of values，including their own，is preferable to another”是具体阐释。

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