2017 考博英语 阅读题源经济学人文章每日精析(九十)
考博英语阅读大部分博士研究生招生院校都使用《经济学人》杂志文章作为题源,考博信息网|http://www.kaoboinfo.com教育考博频道为考博生们将其中的文章进行深度分析,希望能提高大家的考博英语阅读水平,读懂长难句。
导读
古代没有拼音,就使用反切,就是用两个认识会念的字,取第一个的声母,取第二个的韵母,拼合起来就行了.
古代,中国的回族兄弟不学汉字,学习阿拉伯语,但他们用阿拉伯文的字母来拼写口语(汉语),所以这是中国最早的拼音。
元朝,蒙古统治者用改变了的藏文的字母来拼写汉语等语言,叫八思巴字。虽然不是专门拼写汉语的,但是,也算汉语拼音的一种吧。
明朝,西方传教士用拉丁字母拼写汉语,是中国最早的拉丁字拼音。
清末明初,出现了用简单的古字表现汉语语音的拼音方式。民国年间,政府制定了“注音字母”,就是这个系统的集中表现。现在台湾依然使用。但是,同时也出现了拉丁字的拼音运动,而且,跟左翼人士的政治运动结合很密切。
共和国成立后,立即由政府制定了“汉语拼音方案”,就是现在使用的这一套方案。联合国也承认的。
Johnson: The story of pinyin
约翰逊:拼音的故事
One country, two systems
一个国家,两种文体
The coexistence of pinyin and Chinese characters highlights the role of emotion in language decisions
拼音与汉字共存凸显了情感在语言决策中的作用。
Jan 21st 2017
FEW people live to 111. Fewer still leave as big a mark on linguistic lives as Zhou Youguang, who died on January 14th. Mr Zhou was the chief architect of pinyin, the system that the Chinese use to write Mandarin in the roman alphabet.
很少人能够活到111岁。很少人能够像周有光一样在语言学生涯中留下浓墨重彩的一笔。他于1月14日逝世。周先生是拼音界的主要缔造者,拼音是中国人利用罗马字母表写汉语的系统。
Pinyin has not, of course, replaced the Chinese characters. Rather, it is used as a gateway to literacy, giving young children a systematic way to learn the sounds of the thousands of characters required to be literate in Chinese. Pinyin is also used by most Chinese people to input Chinese characters into computers: type a word like wo (meaning “I”) and the proper character appears; if several characters share the same sound (which is common in Chinese), users choose from a short menu of these homophonic characters.
可以肯定的是,拼音并没有取代汉字的地位。而是被当成通往读书识字的大门,给孩子们学习汉语必学的成千汉字的发音提供了系统的方式。很多中国人也通过拼音在电脑上输入汉字:比如输入wo(I)相对应的汉字就会出现;如果有几个汉字发音相同(这在汉语中很常见),用户们可以从同音词列表中选取。
In other words, the primary way that the Chinese interact with their language in the digital age is via an alphabet borrowed by Communist China from its ideological enemies in the 1950s. The tale is an odd one. Mao Zedong (who was Mao Tse-tung before pinyin, under the “Wade-Giles” romanisation system) wanted a radical break with old ways after 1949, when the civil war ended in mainland China. He was hardly the first to think that China’s beautiful, complicated and inefficient script was a hindrance to the country’s development. Lu Xun, a celebrated novelist, wrote in the early 20th century: “If we are to go on living, Chinese characters cannot.”
换句话说,在电子时代,中国人和汉字的主要互通方式是中共在1950年代从意识形态上称为敌人那里借过来的字母表。这个故事还很有意思。毛泽东(在拼音出现前,使用威妥玛式拼音法被称为Mao Tse-tung,)在1949年中国大陆内战结束以后想和旧时代彻底说拜拜。他不是第一个认为中国优美、复杂且效率不高的文字会是国家发展的阻碍。著名小说家鲁迅,曾在20世纪早期写道:“如果我们要生存,汉字必定要废弃。”